p3p.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

/* +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                     Mobile Robot Programming Toolkit (MRPT)            |
   |                          https://www.mrpt.org/                         |
   |                                                                        |
   | Copyright (c) 2005-2020, Individual contributors, see AUTHORS file     |
   | See: https://www.mrpt.org/Authors - All rights reserved.               |
   | Released under BSD License. See: https://www.mrpt.org/License          |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ */

#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include "vision-precomp.h"  // Precompiled headers

#include "p3p.h"
#include "polynom_solver.h"

void mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::init_inverse_parameters()
{
    inv_fx = 1. / fx;
    inv_fy = 1. / fy;
    cx_fx = cx / fx;
    cy_fy = cy / fy;
}

mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::p3p(Eigen::MatrixXd cam_intrinsic)
{
    fx = cam_intrinsic(0, 0);
    fy = cam_intrinsic(1, 1);
    cx = cam_intrinsic(0, 2);
    cy = cam_intrinsic(1, 2);
    init_inverse_parameters();
}

mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::p3p(double _fx, double _fy, double _cx, double _cy)
{
    fx = _fx;
    fy = _fy;
    cx = _cx;
    cy = _cy;
    init_inverse_parameters();
}
#if MRPT_HAS_OPENCV

mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::p3p(cv::Mat cameraMatrix)
{
    if (cameraMatrix.depth() == CV_32F)
        init_camera_parameters<float>(cameraMatrix);
    else
        init_camera_parameters<double>(cameraMatrix);
    init_inverse_parameters();
}

bool mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::solve(
    cv::Mat& R, cv::Mat& tvec, const cv::Mat& opoints, const cv::Mat& ipoints)
{
    double rotation_matrix[3][3], translation[3];
    std::vector<double> points;
    if (opoints.depth() == ipoints.depth())
    {
        if (opoints.depth() == CV_32F)
            extract_points<cv::Point3f, cv::Point2f>(opoints, ipoints, points);
        else
            extract_points<cv::Point3d, cv::Point2d>(opoints, ipoints, points);
    }
    else if (opoints.depth() == CV_32F)
        extract_points<cv::Point3f, cv::Point2d>(opoints, ipoints, points);
    else
        extract_points<cv::Point3d, cv::Point2f>(opoints, ipoints, points);

    bool result = solve(
        rotation_matrix, translation, points[0], points[1], points[2],
        points[3], points[4], points[5], points[6], points[7], points[8],
        points[9], points[10], points[11], points[12], points[13], points[14],
        points[15], points[16], points[17], points[18], points[19]);
    cv::Mat(3, 1, CV_64F, translation).copyTo(tvec);
    cv::Mat(3, 3, CV_64F, rotation_matrix).copyTo(R);
    return result;
}

#endif

bool mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::solve(
    Eigen::Ref<Eigen::Matrix3d> R, Eigen::Ref<Eigen::Vector3d> t,
    Eigen::MatrixXd obj_pts, Eigen::MatrixXd img_pts)
{
    double rotation_matrix[3][3], translation[3];
    std::vector<double> points;
    extract_points(obj_pts, img_pts, points);
    bool result = solve(
        rotation_matrix, translation, points[0], points[1], points[2],
        points[3], points[4], points[5], points[6], points[7], points[8],
        points[9], points[10], points[11], points[12], points[13], points[14],
        points[15], points[16], points[17], points[18], points[19]);
    R = Eigen::Map<Eigen::Matrix3d>((double*)rotation_matrix);
    t = Eigen::Map<Eigen::Vector3d>(translation);

    return result;
}
bool mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::solve(
    double R[3][3], double t[3], double mu0, double mv0, double X0, double Y0,
    double Z0, double mu1, double mv1, double X1, double Y1, double Z1,
    double mu2, double mv2, double X2, double Y2, double Z2, double mu3,
    double mv3, double X3, double Y3, double Z3)
{
    double Rs[4][3][3], ts[4][3];

    int n = solve(
        Rs, ts, mu0, mv0, X0, Y0, Z0, mu1, mv1, X1, Y1, Z1, mu2, mv2, X2, Y2,
        Z2);

    if (n == 0) return false;

    int ns = 0;
    double min_reproj = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        double X3p =
            Rs[i][0][0] * X3 + Rs[i][0][1] * Y3 + Rs[i][0][2] * Z3 + ts[i][0];
        double Y3p =
            Rs[i][1][0] * X3 + Rs[i][1][1] * Y3 + Rs[i][1][2] * Z3 + ts[i][1];
        double Z3p =
            Rs[i][2][0] * X3 + Rs[i][2][1] * Y3 + Rs[i][2][2] * Z3 + ts[i][2];
        double mu3p = cx + fx * X3p / Z3p;
        double mv3p = cy + fy * Y3p / Z3p;
        double reproj =
            (mu3p - mu3) * (mu3p - mu3) + (mv3p - mv3) * (mv3p - mv3);
        if (i == 0 || min_reproj > reproj)
        {
            ns = i;
            min_reproj = reproj;
        }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) R[i][j] = Rs[ns][i][j];
        t[i] = ts[ns][i];
    }

    return true;
}

int mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::solve(
    double R[4][3][3], double t[4][3], double mu0, double mv0, double X0,
    double Y0, double Z0, double mu1, double mv1, double X1, double Y1,
    double Z1, double mu2, double mv2, double X2, double Y2, double Z2)
{
    double mk0, mk1, mk2;
    double norm;

    mu0 = inv_fx * mu0 - cx_fx;
    mv0 = inv_fy * mv0 - cy_fy;
    norm = sqrt(mu0 * mu0 + mv0 * mv0 + 1);
    mk0 = 1. / norm;
    mu0 *= mk0;
    mv0 *= mk0;

    mu1 = inv_fx * mu1 - cx_fx;
    mv1 = inv_fy * mv1 - cy_fy;
    norm = sqrt(mu1 * mu1 + mv1 * mv1 + 1);
    mk1 = 1. / norm;
    mu1 *= mk1;
    mv1 *= mk1;

    mu2 = inv_fx * mu2 - cx_fx;
    mv2 = inv_fy * mv2 - cy_fy;
    norm = sqrt(mu2 * mu2 + mv2 * mv2 + 1);
    mk2 = 1. / norm;
    mu2 *= mk2;
    mv2 *= mk2;

    double distances[3];
    distances[0] = sqrt(
        (X1 - X2) * (X1 - X2) + (Y1 - Y2) * (Y1 - Y2) + (Z1 - Z2) * (Z1 - Z2));
    distances[1] = sqrt(
        (X0 - X2) * (X0 - X2) + (Y0 - Y2) * (Y0 - Y2) + (Z0 - Z2) * (Z0 - Z2));
    distances[2] = sqrt(
        (X0 - X1) * (X0 - X1) + (Y0 - Y1) * (Y0 - Y1) + (Z0 - Z1) * (Z0 - Z1));

    // Calculate angles
    double cosines[3];
    cosines[0] = mu1 * mu2 + mv1 * mv2 + mk1 * mk2;
    cosines[1] = mu0 * mu2 + mv0 * mv2 + mk0 * mk2;
    cosines[2] = mu0 * mu1 + mv0 * mv1 + mk0 * mk1;

    double lengths[4][3];
    int n = solve_for_lengths(lengths, distances, cosines);

    int nb_solutions = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        double M_orig[3][3];

        M_orig[0][0] = lengths[i][0] * mu0;
        M_orig[0][1] = lengths[i][0] * mv0;
        M_orig[0][2] = lengths[i][0] * mk0;

        M_orig[1][0] = lengths[i][1] * mu1;
        M_orig[1][1] = lengths[i][1] * mv1;
        M_orig[1][2] = lengths[i][1] * mk1;

        M_orig[2][0] = lengths[i][2] * mu2;
        M_orig[2][1] = lengths[i][2] * mv2;
        M_orig[2][2] = lengths[i][2] * mk2;

        if (!align(
                M_orig, X0, Y0, Z0, X1, Y1, Z1, X2, Y2, Z2, R[nb_solutions],
                t[nb_solutions]))
            continue;

        nb_solutions++;
    }

    return nb_solutions;
}

/// Given 3D distances between three points and cosines of 3 angles at the apex,
/// calculates
/// the lentghs of the line segments connecting projection center (P) and the
/// three 3D points (A, B, C).
/// Returned distances are for |PA|, |PB|, |PC| respectively.
/// Only the solution to the main branch.
/// Reference : X.S. Gao, X.-R. Hou, J. Tang, H.-F. Chang; "Complete Solution
/// Classification for the Perspective-Three-Point Problem"
/// IEEE Trans. on PAMI, vol. 25, No. 8, August 2003
/// \param lengths3D Lengths of line segments up to four solutions.
/// \param dist3D Distance between 3D points in pairs |BC|, |AC|, |AB|.
/// \param cosines Cosine of the angles /_BPC, /_APC, /_APB.
/// \returns Number of solutions.
/// WARNING: NOT ALL THE DEGENERATE CASES ARE IMPLEMENTED

int mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::solve_for_lengths(
    double lengths[4][3], double distances[3], double cosines[3])
{
    double p = cosines[0] * 2;
    double q = cosines[1] * 2;
    double r = cosines[2] * 2;

    double inv_d22 = 1. / (distances[2] * distances[2]);
    double a = inv_d22 * (distances[0] * distances[0]);
    double b = inv_d22 * (distances[1] * distances[1]);

    double a2 = a * a, b2 = b * b, p2 = p * p, q2 = q * q, r2 = r * r;
    double pr = p * r, pqr = q * pr;

    // Check reality condition (the four points should not be coplanar)
    if (p2 + q2 + r2 - pqr - 1 == 0) return 0;

    double ab = a * b, a_2 = 2 * a;

    double A = -2 * b + b2 + a2 + 1 + ab * (2 - r2) - a_2;

    // Check reality condition
    if (A == 0) return 0;

    double a_4 = 4 * a;

    double B =
        q * (-2 * (ab + a2 + 1 - b) + r2 * ab + a_4) + pr * (b - b2 + ab);
    double C = q2 + b2 * (r2 + p2 - 2) - b * (p2 + pqr) - ab * (r2 + pqr) +
               (a2 - a_2) * (2 + q2) + 2;
    double D =
        pr * (ab - b2 + b) + q * ((p2 - 2) * b + 2 * (ab - a2) + a_4 - 2);
    double E = 1 + 2 * (b - a - ab) + b2 - b * p2 + a2;

    double temp = (p2 * (a - 1 + b) + r2 * (a - 1 - b) + pqr - a * pqr);
    double b0 = b * temp * temp;
    // Check reality condition
    if (b0 == 0) return 0;

    double real_roots[4];
    int n = solve_deg4(
        A, B, C, D, E, real_roots[0], real_roots[1], real_roots[2],
        real_roots[3]);

    if (n == 0) return 0;

    int nb_solutions = 0;
    double r3 = r2 * r, pr2 = p * r2, r3q = r3 * q;
    double inv_b0 = 1. / b0;

    // For each solution of x
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        double x = real_roots[i];

        // Check reality condition
        if (x <= 0) continue;

        double x2 = x * x;

        double b1 =
            ((1 - a - b) * x2 + (q * a - q) * x + 1 - a + b) *
            (((r3 * (a2 + ab * (2 - r2) - a_2 + b2 - 2 * b + 1)) * x +

              (r3q * (2 * (b - a2) + a_4 + ab * (r2 - 2) - 2) +
               pr2 * (1 + a2 + 2 * (ab - a - b) + r2 * (b - b2) + b2))) *
                 x2 +

             (r3 * (q2 * (1 - 2 * a + a2) + r2 * (b2 - ab) - a_4 +
                    2 * (a2 - b2) + 2) +
              r * p2 * (b2 + 2 * (ab - b - a) + 1 + a2) +
              pr2 * q * (a_4 + 2 * (b - ab - a2) - 2 - r2 * b)) *
                 x +

             2 * r3q * (a_2 - b - a2 + ab - 1) +
             pr2 * (q2 - a_4 + 2 * (a2 - b2) + r2 * b + q2 * (a2 - a_2) + 2) +
             p2 * (p * (2 * (ab - a - b) + a2 + b2 + 1) +
                   2 * q * r * (b + a_2 - a2 - ab - 1)));

        // Check reality condition
        if (b1 <= 0) continue;

        double y = inv_b0 * b1;
        double v = x2 + y * y - x * y * r;

        if (v <= 0) continue;

        double Z = distances[2] / sqrt(v);
        double X = x * Z;
        double Y = y * Z;

        lengths[nb_solutions][0] = X;
        lengths[nb_solutions][1] = Y;
        lengths[nb_solutions][2] = Z;

        nb_solutions++;
    }

    return nb_solutions;
}

bool mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::align(
    double M_end[3][3], double X0, double Y0, double Z0, double X1, double Y1,
    double Z1, double X2, double Y2, double Z2, double R[3][3], double T[3])
{
    // Centroids:
    double C_start[3], C_end[3];
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        C_end[i] = (M_end[0][i] + M_end[1][i] + M_end[2][i]) / 3;
    C_start[0] = (X0 + X1 + X2) / 3;
    C_start[1] = (Y0 + Y1 + Y2) / 3;
    C_start[2] = (Z0 + Z1 + Z2) / 3;

    // Covariance matrix s:
    double s[3 * 3];
    for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
    {
        s[0 * 3 + j] =
            (X0 * M_end[0][j] + X1 * M_end[1][j] + X2 * M_end[2][j]) / 3 -
            C_end[j] * C_start[0];
        s[1 * 3 + j] =
            (Y0 * M_end[0][j] + Y1 * M_end[1][j] + Y2 * M_end[2][j]) / 3 -
            C_end[j] * C_start[1];
        s[2 * 3 + j] =
            (Z0 * M_end[0][j] + Z1 * M_end[1][j] + Z2 * M_end[2][j]) / 3 -
            C_end[j] * C_start[2];
    }

    double Qs[16], evs[4], U[16];

    Qs[0 * 4 + 0] = s[0 * 3 + 0] + s[1 * 3 + 1] + s[2 * 3 + 2];
    Qs[1 * 4 + 1] = s[0 * 3 + 0] - s[1 * 3 + 1] - s[2 * 3 + 2];
    Qs[2 * 4 + 2] = s[1 * 3 + 1] - s[2 * 3 + 2] - s[0 * 3 + 0];
    Qs[3 * 4 + 3] = s[2 * 3 + 2] - s[0 * 3 + 0] - s[1 * 3 + 1];

    Qs[1 * 4 + 0] = Qs[0 * 4 + 1] = s[1 * 3 + 2] - s[2 * 3 + 1];
    Qs[2 * 4 + 0] = Qs[0 * 4 + 2] = s[2 * 3 + 0] - s[0 * 3 + 2];
    Qs[3 * 4 + 0] = Qs[0 * 4 + 3] = s[0 * 3 + 1] - s[1 * 3 + 0];
    Qs[2 * 4 + 1] = Qs[1 * 4 + 2] = s[1 * 3 + 0] + s[0 * 3 + 1];
    Qs[3 * 4 + 1] = Qs[1 * 4 + 3] = s[2 * 3 + 0] + s[0 * 3 + 2];
    Qs[3 * 4 + 2] = Qs[2 * 4 + 3] = s[2 * 3 + 1] + s[1 * 3 + 2];

    jacobi_4x4(Qs, evs, U);

    // Looking for the largest eigen value:
    int i_ev = 0;
    double ev_max = evs[i_ev];
    for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++)
        if (evs[i] > ev_max) ev_max = evs[i_ev = i];

    // Quaternion:
    double q[4];
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) q[i] = U[i * 4 + i_ev];

    double q02 = q[0] * q[0], q12 = q[1] * q[1], q22 = q[2] * q[2],
           q32 = q[3] * q[3];
    double q0_1 = q[0] * q[1], q0_2 = q[0] * q[2], q0_3 = q[0] * q[3];
    double q1_2 = q[1] * q[2], q1_3 = q[1] * q[3];
    double q2_3 = q[2] * q[3];

    R[0][0] = q02 + q12 - q22 - q32;
    R[0][1] = 2. * (q1_2 - q0_3);
    R[0][2] = 2. * (q1_3 + q0_2);

    R[1][0] = 2. * (q1_2 + q0_3);
    R[1][1] = q02 + q22 - q12 - q32;
    R[1][2] = 2. * (q2_3 - q0_1);

    R[2][0] = 2. * (q1_3 - q0_2);
    R[2][1] = 2. * (q2_3 + q0_1);
    R[2][2] = q02 + q32 - q12 - q22;

    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        T[i] = C_end[i] - (R[i][0] * C_start[0] + R[i][1] * C_start[1] +
                           R[i][2] * C_start[2]);

    return true;
}

bool mrpt::vision::pnp::p3p::jacobi_4x4(double* A, double* D, double* U)
{
    double B[4], Z[4];
    double Id[16] = {1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0.,
                     0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.};

    memcpy(U, Id, 16 * sizeof(double));

    B[0] = A[0];
    B[1] = A[5];
    B[2] = A[10];
    B[3] = A[15];
    memcpy(D, B, 4 * sizeof(double));
    memset(Z, 0, 4 * sizeof(double));

    for (int iter = 0; iter < 50; iter++)
    {
        double sum = fabs(A[1]) + fabs(A[2]) + fabs(A[3]) + fabs(A[6]) +
                     fabs(A[7]) + fabs(A[11]);

        if (sum == 0.0) return true;

        double tresh = (iter < 3) ? 0.2 * sum / 16. : 0.0;
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        {
            double* pAij = A + 5 * i + 1;
            for (int j = i + 1; j < 4; j++)
            {
                double Aij = *pAij;
                double eps_machine = 100.0 * fabs(Aij);

                if (iter > 3 && fabs(D[i]) + eps_machine == fabs(D[i]) &&
                    fabs(D[j]) + eps_machine == fabs(D[j]))
                    *pAij = 0.0;
                else if (fabs(Aij) > tresh)
                {
                    double hh = D[j] - D[i], t;
                    if (fabs(hh) + eps_machine == fabs(hh))
                        t = Aij / hh;
                    else
                    {
                        double theta = 0.5 * hh / Aij;
                        t = 1.0 / (fabs(theta) + sqrt(1.0 + theta * theta));
                        if (theta < 0.0) t = -t;
                    }

                    hh = t * Aij;
                    Z[i] -= hh;
                    Z[j] += hh;
                    D[i] -= hh;
                    D[j] += hh;
                    *pAij = 0.0;

                    double c = 1.0 / sqrt(1 + t * t);
                    double s = t * c;
                    double tau = s / (1.0 + c);
                    for (int k = 0; k <= i - 1; k++)
                    {
                        double g = A[k * 4 + i], h = A[k * 4 + j];
                        A[k * 4 + i] = g - s * (h + g * tau);
                        A[k * 4 + j] = h + s * (g - h * tau);
                    }
                    for (int k = i + 1; k <= j - 1; k++)
                    {
                        double g = A[i * 4 + k], h = A[k * 4 + j];
                        A[i * 4 + k] = g - s * (h + g * tau);
                        A[k * 4 + j] = h + s * (g - h * tau);
                    }
                    for (int k = j + 1; k < 4; k++)
                    {
                        double g = A[i * 4 + k], h = A[j * 4 + k];
                        A[i * 4 + k] = g - s * (h + g * tau);
                        A[j * 4 + k] = h + s * (g - h * tau);
                    }
                    for (int k = 0; k < 4; k++)
                    {
                        double g = U[k * 4 + i], h = U[k * 4 + j];
                        U[k * 4 + i] = g - s * (h + g * tau);
                        U[k * 4 + j] = h + s * (g - h * tau);
                    }
                }
                pAij++;
            }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) B[i] += Z[i];
        memcpy(D, B, 4 * sizeof(double));
        memset(Z, 0, 4 * sizeof(double));
    }

    return false;
}